War Continues in the Middle East

Middle East
Contemporary Middle East
Countries (2018) Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, North Cyprus*, Oman, Palestine*, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria (DFNS), Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

This is a list of modern conflicts in the Middle East ensuing in the geographic and political region known as the Middle East. The "Middle East" is traditionally defined as the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia), Levant, and Egypt and neighboring areas of Arabia, Anatolia and Iran. It currently encompasses the area from Egypt, Turkey and Cyprus in the west to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the east,[1] and from Turkey and Iran in the north, to Yemen and Oman in the south.

  • Conflicts are separate incidents with at least 100 casualties, and are listed by total deaths, including sub-conflicts.[2]
  • The term "modern" refers to the First World War and later period, in other words, since 1914.

List of conflicts

Date Conflict Location Casualties
1902–1932 Unification of Saudi Arabia[a] Riyadh
Hejaz
Kuwait
Nejd
Jordan Transjordan
Iraq Mandatory Iraq
Nejd and Hejaz
8,000–9,000
1909–1910 Zaraniq rebellion Ottoman Empire 830+
1914–1918 Middle Eastern theatre of World War I[p] Persia
Egypt

Nejd and Hasa
Jabal Shammar
Kuwait
Lahej
Ottoman Empire
Armenia
Azerbaijan

Ottoman Empire deaths including civilians:
2,825,000[3] [4] [5]–5,000,000[6]
Allied killed, wounded, captured or missing:
1,000,000–1,500,000[ citation needed ]
Persians died by famine or disease, excluding influenza:
2,000,000[7] [8] [9]
1918–1922 Simko Shikak revolt[10] Persia 1,000–5,500
1919 Egyptian Revolution of 1919[11] Egypt 3,000
1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence [b] Ottoman Empire
Greece
Armenia
Soviet Union
170,500–873,000
1919–2003 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict [c] Iraq Mandatory Iraq
Iraq Kingdom of Iraq
Iraq Iraq
Flag of Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922-1924).svg Kingdom of Kurdistan
139,000–320,000 killed
1920 Franco-Syrian War Arab Kingdom of Syria
OETA
5,000
1920 Iraqi revolt against the British[12] [13] Iraq Mandatory Iraq 2,050–9,000
1921–1948[l] Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine 7,813
1923 Adwan Rebellion Jordan Transjordan 100
1925–1927 Great Syrian Revolt (Druze War)[14] Greater Lebanon
State of Syria
Flag of Jabal ad-Druze (state).svg Jabal Druze
Alawite State
8,000–12,000
1925 Sheikh Said rebellion[15] Turkey 15,000–250,500
1930 Ararat rebellion[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Turkey Republic of Ararat 4,500–47,000
1933 Simele massacre[21] Kingdom of Iraq 3,000
1934 Saudi-Yemeni War[22] Saudi Arabia
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
2,100
1935 Imam Reza shrine rebellion[23] Iran 151
1935–1936 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts Iraq 500
1935 1935 Yazidi revolt[21] Iraq 200
1937 Dersim rebellion[24] Turkey 40,000–70,000
1939–1945 Middle East Theatre of World War II
  • Anglo-Iraqi War
  • Syria–Lebanon campaign
  • Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Iraq
Iran Iran
French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
Mandatory Palestine
≈16,000
1946 Egyptian Student Riots[25] [26] Egypt Egypt 100–300
1946 Iran crisis of 1946[2] [15] [e] Iran
Republic of Mahabad
Azerbaijan People's Government
2,000
1948– Arab–Israeli conflict[f] Egypt Egypt
All-Palestine Government
Egypt
United Arab Republic
Syrian Republic
Ba'athist Syria
Jordan
Lebanon
Israel
Palestinian Authority
73,000–84,000
1948 Alwaziri coup[2] Yemen Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 4,000–5,000
1948 Al-Wathbah uprising Iraq 300–400
1952 Egyptian revolution of 1952[2] Egypt Egypt 1,000
1953 1953 Iranian coup d'état[2] [15] [27] Iran 300–800
1954–1960 Jebel Akhdar War[15] Muscat and Oman 100–523
1955–1959 Cyprus Emergency[28] [29] Cyprus 400–600
1956–1960 Yemeni–Adenese clan violence[2] Aden 1,000
1958 1958 Lebanon Crisis[2] [11] [29] Lebanon 1,300–4,000
1958 1958 Iraqi Revolution[2] Arab Federation 100
1959 1959 Mosul uprising[2] Iraq Iraqi Republic 2,000–4,000
1962–1970 North Yemen Civil War[30] [31] [g] North Yemen
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
100,000–200,000
1962–1975 Dhofar Rebellion[15] Oman 10,000
1963 1963 Riots in Iran[15] Iran 100
1963 February 1963 Ba'athist Iraqi coup[32] Iraq 1,000
1963 8th of March Syrian Revolution[33] United Arab Republic
Syria
820
1963–1967 Aden Emergency[34] Federation of South Arabia
South Yemen
2,096
1963 November 1963 Iraqi coup[32] Iraq 250
1964 1964 Hama riot[35] [36] Syria 70–100
1966 1966 neo-Ba'athist coup d'état in Syria[15] Syria 400
1966 1966 Arif Abd ar-Razzaq second coup[37] Iraq 80–100
1970–1971 Black September[29] Jordan 2,000–25,000
1972 Yemenite War of 1972 South Yemen North Yemen 100+
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus[22] [38] Cyprus 1,500–5,000
1974 Shatt al-Arab clashes[39] Iran 1,000
1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War[40] [h] Lebanon 150,000
1976–1980 Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)[41] [42] [43] Turkey 5,000–5,388
1978–1982 NDF Rebellion North Yemen 100+
1978– Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)[44] Turkey
Iraqi Kurdistan
Iraq
30,000–100,000
1979 Yemenite War of 1979 South Yemen North Yemen 1,000+
1979 Iranian Revolution[45] [46] Iran 3,164–60,000
1979–1980 Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution [i] Iran 10,171
1979–1983 Saudi Eastern Province unrest[47] Saudi Arabia 182–219
1979 Grand Mosque seizure[48] Saudi Arabia 307
1979–1982 Islamist uprising in Syria Syria 40,000+
1980 1980 Turkish coup d'état[49] [50] Turkey 127–550
1980 1980 Sadr uprising[51] Iraq 1,000–30,000
1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War[22] [52] [j] Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
1,000,000–1,250,000
1986 South Yemen Civil War[53] South Yemen 5,000–12,000
1986 1986 Egyptian Conscription Riot[54] Egypt 107
1986 1986 Damascus bombings[55] Syria 204
1987 Iranian pilgrim riot (Mecca massacre)[56] Saudi Arabia 402
1987–1988 ANO Executions Lebanon
Syria
170
1989–1996 KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran 168–503
1990–1991 Gulf War[40] Iraq
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia
40,000–57,000
1991 1991 Iraqi uprisings[51] [57] Iraq 50,000–100,000
1994 1994 civil war in Yemen Yemen 7,000–10,000
1995– Islamic Insurgency in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 300
1998 Operation Desert Fox[28] [29] (Iraqi no-fly zones) Iraq 2,000
1999 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq[15] [58] Iraq 100–200
2003–2011 Iraq War[59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [k] Iraq Ba'athist Iraq
Iraq Iraq
109,032–650,726
See also: Casualties of the Iraq War
2004 Qamishli massacre (2004)[65] [66] Syria 30–100
2004–2014 Shia insurgency in Yemen[67] [68] [69] Saudi Arabia
Yemen
8,500–25,000
2004– Iran–PJAK conflict[70] Iran 588–747
2006– Fatah–Hamas conflict[71] [72] Palestinian Authority
Gaza Strip
600+
2006– Iran–Israel proxy conflict Iran
Israel
≈2000
2007 Nahr al-Bared fighting Lebanon 480
2008 2008 Lebanon conflict Lebanon 105
2009–2015 South Yemen Insurgency[73] Yemen 2,100+
2010–2015 Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown[74] [75] Yemen 3,000+
2011 2011 Bahraini uprising Bahrain
Saudi Arabia
100+
2011– Shia insurgency in Bahrain Bahrain 22+
2011–2014 Egyptian crisis (2011–14)[m] Egypt 7,000+
2011– Yemeni Crisis (2011–present) Yemen 9,000+
2011– Syrian Civil War[n] Syria 494,438 - 606,000 +
2011–2017 Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon Lebanon ≈800
2011– Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Saudi Arabia
Iran
2013–2017 War in Iraq (2013–2017)[n] Iraq 155,500–165,500+
2015– Yemeni Civil War Yemen
Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
233,000+
2016– Western Iran clashes Iran 74–156
2016 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Turkey 270–350
2017 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict Iraq +305
2017– Iraqi insurgency (2017–present) Iraq 5,000+
2019– Persian Gulf crisis (2019–present) Iran
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Syria
279

Casualties breakdown

[a]. ^ Unification of Saudi Arabia (combined casualties 7,989–8,989+)

Battle of Riyadh (1902) – 37 killed.
Battle of Dilam (1903) – 410 killed.
Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907) – 2,300+ killed.
Annexation of Al-Hasa and Qatif (1913) – unknown.
Battle of Jarrab (1915) – unknown.
Battle of Kanzaan (1915) – unknown.
First Nejd–Hejaz War, 1918–1919 – 8,392+ killed[15]
Kuwait–Najd War (1921) – 200[15]–800 killed.
1921 Ikhwan raid on Iraq – 700 killed.
Conquest of Ha'il – unknown.
Ikhwan raids on Transjordan 1922–1924 – 500[76]-1,500 killed.
Second Nejd–Hejaz War (1924–1925) – 450 killed.[15]
Ikhwan Revolt (1927–1930) – 2,000 killed.[15]

[p]. ^ Middle Eastern theatre of World War I (combined casualty figure 2,825,000–5,000,000) of:

  • Caucasus campaign
  • Persian campaign
  • Gallipoli campaign
  • Mesopotamian campaign
  • Sinai and Palestine campaign
  • Arab Revolt
  • South Arabia
  • Armenian genocide – c 1.5 million dead
  • Assyrian genocide – 150,000–300,000 dead
  • Great Famine of Mount Lebanon – 200,000 dead

[b]. ^ Turkish War of Independence (combined figure 170,500–873,000+):

Greco-Turkish War – 70,000[ citation needed ]–400,000 casualties[40] [ verification needed ]
Franco-Turkish War – 40,000 casualties.[ citation needed ]
Turkish–Armenian War – 60,000–432,500 casualties.[77]
Koçkiri Rebellion – 500 killed.[ citation needed ]
Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur – unknown.
Kuva-i Inzibatiye revolt – unknown.

[c]. ^ Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (combined casualty figure 138,800–320,100) of:

Mahmud Barzanji revolts – unknown.
Ahmad Barzanji revolt (1931) – unknown.
1943 Iraqi Kurdish revolt (1943) – unknown.
First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970) – 75,000–105,000 killed.[30] [40]
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975) – 9,000 killed.[78]
600,000 displaced[79] [80]
PUK insurgency (1976–1978) – 800 killed.
Iraqi Kurdish uprising (1982–1988) – 50,000–198,000 killed.
1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah – 700–2,000 killed.
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997) – 3,000[81]–5,000 killed.
2003 invasion of Iraq – several hundred killed (≈300) on the Kurdish front, at least 24 Peshmerga killed.

[d]. ^ Middle Eastern theatre of World War II (combined casualty figure 12,338–14,898+) of:

Anglo-Iraqi War – at least 560 killed.[82] [83]
Farhud 175–780 killed.
Syria–Lebanon Campaign 10,404–12,964 killed.
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 100[15] – 1,062 killed.
Bombing of Palestine in World War II 137 deaths.[84]
Bombing of Bahrain in World War II – unknown.

[e]. ^ Iran crisis of 1946 (combined casualty figure 1,921+):

Azerbaijan People's Republic crisis – 421 killed.[85]
Republic of Mahabad crisis – ≈1,000 killed.[ citation needed ]
Civil interregnum – 500 killed.[86]

[f]. ^ Arab–Israeli conflict (combined casualty figure 76,338–87,338+):

Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) – 14,400 casualties.
Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency and Retribution operations (1950s) – 3,456 casualties
Suez War (1956) – 3,203 killed.
Israeli–Palestinian conflict (1965–present) – 24,000 killed
Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon – 2,600–20,000 killed
Operation Litani
1982 Lebanon War
First Palestinian Intifada – 2,000 killed
Al-Aqsa Intifada – 7,000 killed
Gaza–Israel conflict – 3,500+ killed
Six-Day War (1967) – 13,976 killed.
War of Attrition (1967–1970) – 6,403 killed.
Yom Kippur War (1973) 10,000–21,000.[87]

[g]. ^ North Yemen Civil War (combined 100,000–200,000 casualties):

1962 Coup d'état
Ramadan offensive
Haradh offensive
1965 Royalist offensive
Siege of Sana'a (1967)

[h]. ^ Lebanese Civil War (combined 39,132–43,970+ mortal casualties):

Bus massacre – 27 killed.
Hundred Days' War – 160 killed.
Karantina massacre – 1,000–1,500 killed.
Damour massacre – 684 killed.
Battle of the Hotels – 700 killed.
Black Saturday (Lebanon) – 200–600 killed.
Tel al-Zaatar massacre – 1,778–3,278 killed.
1982 Lebanon War – 28,280 killed.
Sabra and Shatila massacre – 762–3,500 killed.
War of the Camps (1986–1987) – 3,781 killed.
Mountain War – 1,600 killed.
War of Liberation (1989–1990) – unknown.
October 13 massacre – 500–700 killed, 260 civilians massacred.

[i]. ^ Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (combined fatalities count 12,000):

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran – 10,171+ killed and executed.[88] [89]
1979 Khuzestan uprising – 112+ killed.
1979 Khorasan uprising – unknown.
1979 Azeri uprising – unknown.
1979 Baluchistan uprising – 50 killed.
Iran hostage crisis – 9 killed.
1979–1980 Tehran clashes – unknown.

[j]. ^ Iran–Iraq War (combined death count 645,000–823,000+):

Iraqi invasion 1980
Mujahedin al-Halq uprising 1981–1982
Liberation of Khorramshahr 1982 – 17,000 killed
Operation Undeniable Victory 1982 – 50,000 mortal casualties
Operation Ramadan 1982 – 80,000 killed
Kurdish Rebellion 1983–1988 (including the Al-Anfal Campaign) 50,000–198,000 killed
Operation Before the Dawn 1983 – 6,000+ killed
Operation Dawn 3 – 162,000 killed
Operation Dawn 5 1984 – 50,000 killed
Operation Dawn 6 1984 – unknown
Operation Khaibar 1984 – 49,000 killed
Tanker War 1984
Operation Badr (1985) – 30,000–32,000
War of the Cities 1985–1987
Operation Dawn-8 1986 – unknown
Operation Karbala-4 1986 – 15,000 killed
Operation Karbala-5 – 85,000 killed
Operation Nasr 4 – unknown
Operation Karbala-10 – unknown
Operation Mersad 1987 – 4,900 killed
1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 2,000[90] – 30,000 executed

[k]. ^ Iraq War 2003–2011 (combined casualty figure of 192,361–226,056+):

2003 invasion of Iraq – 35,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (2003–06) – 15,000 killed
Civil war in Iraq 2006–2008 – 30,000–40,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011) – 5,000–10,000 killed
Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq – ≈1,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. withdrawal) – 54,000+ killed
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) – 53,361–72,056 killed

[l]. ^ Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine (combined casualties 7,813)

1921 Jaffa riots – 95 killed
1929 Palestine riots – 251 killed.[91] [92]
1933 Palestine riots – 20 killed.[93]
Arab Revolt in Palestine – 5,000 killed.[28]
Jewish insurgency in Palestine (1944–47) – 338 British[94] and around 100 Palestinian Jews killed.
1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine – 2,009 killed by 1 April 1948.[95]

[m]. ^ Egyptian Crisis (combined casualties 5,000+)

Egyptian Revolution of 2011 – 846 killed
Sinai insurgency – 2,800+ killed

[n]. ^ Syrian Civil War (combined casualties 270,000–450,000)

  • Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War –
  • Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War –
  • 2012–13 escalation of the Syrian Civil War –
  • Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War – 5,641–6,991 killed
  • ISIL expansion
  • Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War
    • US-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War
    • Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War
  • Battle of Aleppo and Operation Euphrates Shield
  • Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)
  • Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
  • Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019) and 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria

[o]. ^ Iran–Israel proxy conflict (combined casualties ≈2,000)

  • 2006 Lebanon War – 1,641 killed
  • Iran–Israel proxy conflict during the Syrian Civil War – several dozen killed

See also

  • Arab Spring
  • British foreign policy in the Middle East
  • List of Middle East peace proposals
  • Lists of wars in World (by date, region, type of conflict)
    • Lists of wars and conflict by region
      • Lists of battles (Orders)
    • List of active rebel groups
      • List of rebel groups that control territory
      • List of events named massacres
    • List of number of conflicts per year
      • List of battles by casualties
  • Africa :
    • List of conflicts in Africa (Military history of Africa)
      • List of modern conflicts in North Africa (Maghreb)
      • Conflicts in the Horn of Africa (East region)
  • Americas :
    • List of conflicts in North America
      • List of wars involving the United States
    • List of conflicts in Central America
    • List of conflicts in South America
  • Asia :
    • List of conflicts in Asia
    • List of conflicts in the Near East (pre-modern)
      • List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
  • Europe :
    • List of conflicts in Europe
      • Post-Cold War European conflicts
  • Ongoing conflicts in World :
    • List of ongoing armed conflicts
    • List of wars: 2003–present
      • Ongoing military conflicts

References

  1. ^ Albert Hourani et al., The Modern Middle East: A Reader. 1993: p. 2.
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  3. ^ Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) Page 219.
  4. ^ Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2.
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  6. ^ James L. Gelvin, The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War, Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-61804-5 Page 77
  7. ^ Katouzian 2013, p. 1934 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKatouzian2013 (help):
  8. ^ Rubin 2015, p. 508 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRubin2015 (help): "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."
  9. ^ Ward 2014, p. 123 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWard2014 (help): "As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran's plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the variousarmies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million."
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External links

  • U.S. Involvement in Middle Eastern Conflicts from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
  • Geopolitical perspective of a "new era" in the Middle East

paschketund1953.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East

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